Substitutions

INGREDIENT	QTY	SUBSTITUTION
Allspice	1 tsp.	1/2 tsp. cinnamon + 1/2 tsp. ground cloves
Apple Pie Spice	1 tsp.	1/2 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. nutmeg, 1/8 tsp. cardamom
Arrowroot	1 1/2 tsp.	1 Tbls. flour
		1 1/2 tsp. cornstarch
Baking Powder	1 tsp.	1/3 tsp. baking soda + 1/2 tsp. cream of tartar
Bay Leaf	1 whole	1/4 tsp. crushed
Bread	1 slice dry	1/3 cup dry bread crumbs
	1 slice soft	3/4 cup soft bread crumbs
Broth, Beef or Chicken	1 cup	1 bullion cube dissolved in 1 cup boiling water
		1 envelope powdered broth base dissolved in 1 cup boiling water
		1 1/2 tsp. powdered broth base dissolved in boiling water
Butter	1 cup	7/8 cup lard + 1/2 tsp. salt
Buttermilk	1 cup	1 cup plain yogurt
		1 cup milk + 1 Tbls. white vinegar or lemon juice
		1 cup milk + 1 3/4 tsp. cream of tartar
Chives, chopped	2 tsp.	2 tsp. green onion tops, finely chopped
Chocolate Chips	1 oz.	1 oz. sweet cooking chocolate
Chocolate, unsweetened	1 oz. or square	3 Tbls. cocoa + 1 Tbls. fat
Cocoa	1/4 cup	1 oz. square unsweetened chocolate (decrease fat in recipe by 1/2 Tbls.)
Coconut Cream	1 cup	1 cup whipping cream
Coconut Milk	1 cup	1 cup whole milk
Corn	1 doz. ears	2 1/2 cup cooked corn
Cornmeal, self-rising	1 cup	7/8 cup plain, 1 1/2 Tbls. baking powder, and 1/2 tsp. salt
Corn Syrup	1 cup	1 1/4 cup light brown sugar + 1/3 cup water
		7/8 cup honey (baked goods will brown more)
Corn Syrup, Dark	1 cup	3/4 cup light corn syrup + 1/4 cup light molasses
Cornstarch (thickening)	1 Tbls.	2 Tbls. all-purpose flour
		2 Tbls. granular tapioca
Cracker Crumbs	3/4 cup	1 cup dry bread crumbs
Cream, Heavy	1 cup	3/4 cup milk + 1/3 cup butter or margarine (if used for baking)
		1 cup evaporated milk, undiluted
Cream, Light	1 cup	3/4 cup milk + 3 Tbls. butter or margarine (if used for baking)
		1 cup evaporated milk, undiluted
Cream, Whipped		Chill a 13 oz. can of evaporated milk until ice crystals form. Add 1 tsp. lemon juice. Whip until stiff.
Dates	1 lb.	2 1/2 cup pitted
Dill Plant, Fresh or Dried	3 heads	1 Tbls. dill weed
Egg, whole, uncooked	1 large, 3 Tbls.	3 Tbls. + 1 tsp. thawed frozen egg
		2 1/2 Tbls. sifted, dry whole egg powder + 2 1/2 Tbls. lukewarm water
		2 yolks + 1 Tbls. water (for cookies)
		2 yolks (in custards, cream fillings, and similar mixtures)
Eggs, uncooked	1 cup	5 large eggs
		6 medium eggs
Egg White	1 large, 2 Tbls.	2 tsp. thawed frozen egg whites
		2 Tbls. sifted, dry egg white powder + 2 Tbls. warm water
	1 cup	8 large egg whites
Egg Yolk	1 yolk, 1 1/2 Tbls.	3 1/2 Tbls. thawed frozen egg yolk
		2 Tbls. sifted, dried egg yolk
	1 cup	12 large egg yolks
Flour, All-Purpose (for thickening)	1 Tbls.	1 1/2 tsp. cornstarch
		1 Tbls. granular tapioca
		1 Tbls. waxy rice flour
		2 Tbls. browned flour
		1 1/2 Tbls. whole wheat flour
		1 Tbls. quick-cooking tapioca
Flour, All-Purpose	1 cup, sifted	1 cup + 2 Tbls. cake flour
		1 cup rolled oats, crushed
		1/2 cup cornmeal, bran, or rice flour + 1/2 cup all-purpose flour
		1 cup rye or rice flour
		1/4 cup soybean flour + 3/4 cup all-purpose flour
	1 lb.	4 cups sifted
		3 1/3 cups un-sifted
Flour, Cake	1 cup sifted	1 cup minus 2 tsp. all-purpose flour, sifted
Flour, Self-Rising	1 cup	1 cup minus 2 tsp. all-purpose flour, 1 1/2 tsp. baking powder, and 1/2 tsp. salt
Fruit, Fresh, Cut Up	1 1/2 cups	16 oz. can, drained
Garlic	1 clove	1 tsp. chopped garlic
		1/2 tsp. minced garlic
		1/8 tsp. garlic powder
		1/2 tsp. garlic flakes
		1/4 tsp. granulated garlic
		1/2 tsp. garlic juice
Garlic Salt	1 tsp.	1/8 tsp. garlic powder + 7/8 tsp. salt
Gelatin, Flavored	3 oz.	1 Tbls. plain gelatin + 2 cup fruit juice
Ginger	1/8 tsp.	1 tsp. candied ginger, rinsed in water to remove sugar, then finely cut
		1 Tbls. raw ginger
Herbs, fresh	1 Tbls. chopped	1/2 tsp. dried crushed herb
Honey	1 cup	1 1/4 cup sugar + 1/4 cup water
Horseradish	1 Tbls.	2 Tbls. bottled fresh
Ketchup	1 cup	1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, and 2 Tbls. vinegar
Lemon Juice	1 tsp.	1/2 tsp. white vinegar
Lemon Peel, dried	1 tsp.	1 to 2 tsp. fresh grated
		1/2 tsp. lemon extract
Lime	1 med.	1 1/2 – 2 Tbls. juice
Maple Sugar (grated and packed)	1/2 cup	1 cup maple syrup
		1 Tbls. granulated sugar
Marshmallows, mini	1 cup	8-10 regular
Mayonnaise (for salad dressings)	1 cup	1/2 cup plain yogurt + 1/2 cup mayonnaise
		1 cup sour cream
		1 cup cottage cheese, pureed
Milk, skim	1 cup	4 – 5 Tbls. non-fat dry milk powder + enough water to make 1 cup
		1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water
Milk, Sweetened, Condensed	1 can	Heat the following until butter melts and sugar is disolved: 1/3 cup + 2 Tbls. evaporated milk, 1 cup sugar, and 3 Tbls. butter
		Add 1 cup + 2 Tbls. dry milk to 1/2 cup warm water. Add 3/4 cup sugar and 3 Tbls. melted butter. Stir until smooth.
Milk, Whole	1 cup	1 cup reconstituted non-fat dried milk + 2 Tbls. melted butter
		1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water
		4 Tbls whole dry milk + 1 cup water (for use in baking)
Mushrooms, Fresh	1 Lb.	2 – 3 cups whole
		5 cups sliced
		(1) 10 oz. can
Mushrooms, Canned	4 oz.	2 cups sliced fresh
		6 Tbls. whole dried mushrooms
Mustard, Dry	1 tsp.	1 Tbls. prepared mustard
Onion, Fresh	1 small	rehydrate 1 Tbls. instant minced onion
Onion Powder	1 Tbls.	1 medium onion, chopped
		4 Tbls. fresh chopped onion
Onions	1 Lb.	3 large onions
		2 – 2 1/2 cup chopped
Orange Peel, Dried	1 Tbls.	2 – 3 Tbls. grated fresh orange peel
		grated peel of 1 med. orange
	2 tsp.	1 tsp. orange extract
Parsley, Dried	1 tsp.	3 tsp. fresh parsley, chopped
Peppers, green bell	1 Tbls. dried	3 Tbls. fresh green pepper, chopped
Peppers, red bell	1 Tbls. dried	3 Tbls. fresh red pepper, chopped
		2 Tbls. chopped pimento
Peppermint, dried	1 Tbls.	1/4 cup chopped fresh mint
Pimento	2 Tbls.	1 Tbls. dried red bell pepper, rehydrated
		3 Tbls. fresh red bell pepper, chopped
Pumpkin Pie Spice	1 tsp.	1/2 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. ginger, 1/8 tsp. allspice, 1/8 tsp. nutmeg
Shortening, Melted	1 cup	1 cup cooking oil
Shortening, Solid	1 cup	1 cup minus 2 Tbls. lard
		1 1/8 cup butter (decrease salt in recipe by 1/2 tsp.)
Sour Cream	1 cup	3/4 cup buttermilk + 1/3 cup butter or margarine
		1 cup plain yogurt
		3/4 cup milk, 3/4 tsp. lemon juice, and 1/3 cup butter or margarine
Spearmint, Dried	1 Tbls.	1/4 cup fresh chopped mint
Sugar, Brown	1 cup packed	1 cup granular sugar
	1 Lb.	2 1/2 cups firmly packed
Sugar, powdered	1 Lb.	2 3/4 cups
Sugar, granulated	1 Lb.	2 1/4 cups
	1 tsp.	1/8 tsp. non-calorific sweetener solution
	1 cup	1 1/2 cup corn syrup (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup)
		1 1/3 cup molasses (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/3 cup)
		1 cup powdered sugar
		1 cup brown sugar, firmly packed
		3/4 cup honey (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup; for each cup of honey used, add 1/2 tsp. baking soda)
Tapioca, granular	1 Tbls.	2 Tbls. pearl tapioca
Tomato Juice	1 cup	1/2 cup tomato sauce + 1/2 cup water
Worcestershire Sauce	1 tsp.	1 tsp. bottled steak sauce
Yogurt, Plain	1 cup	1 cup buttermilk
		1 cup cottage cheese, pureed
		1 cup sour cream